To identify isgs that limit zika virus infection, li et al. In vitro and in vivo models for studying zika virus. It is classified as a new denguelike viral infection 1, 2. First published report of zika virus infection in people. Zika virus infection experimentally induced in a human volunteer. Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from the blood of a sentinel rhesus monkey stationed in the zika forest of uganda, and in the following year it was again recovered from wild aedes africanus captured in the same. Occurrence of natural vertical transmission of zika like. The emergence of zika virus, another mosquitoborne flavivirus, has illustrated. Physical examination disclosed no abnormality and there was no sign of hepatic dysfunction.
After an incubation period of 82 hours, a mild, shortlived febrile condition occurred without evidence of involvement of any particular tissue or viscus. The ongoing outbreak of zika virus infections around the world has. Blood specimens for the 2 isolates were collected in july 1971 and may 1975. Neurological complications of congenital zika virus infection. Zika virus was isolated from the blood during the febrile period. Frontiers lethal zika virus disease models in young and. Human cases of zika virus infection have been described since 1956, 19 but the disease has gained epidemiologic importance after an outbreak and epidemic dissemination of the virus in the micronesia islands 4, 2022 and in south and central america countries. Zika virus is a flavivirus related to dengue virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus. A susceptible human may become infected with the zika virus via the bite of an. Zika virus, microcefalia e vacinas vencidas youtube. The virus is readily borne by aedes aegypti mosquitos and propagates in vertebrate hosts hayes, 2009. Infection via mosquito bite alters zika virus tissue. However, recently, with its rapid spread from asia to the americas, affecting more than 30 countries, accumulating evidences have demonstrated a close association. At present, this infection can be seen worldwide in many countries and becomes the global concern.
A susceptible mouse model for zika virus infection article pdf available in plos neglected tropical diseases 105. The antigenic similarities between zikv and dengue virus denv, combined with high levels of denv. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene. A man was inoculated with the nigerian strain of zika virus r. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 50 5. Spondweni virus was reported as zika virus, a confusion that continues to the present day, although the misidentification of this isolate was clarified and widely reported in 1964. Human illness caused by zika virus was first recognized in nigeria in 1953, when viral infection was confirmed in three ill persons. It is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus aedes. In vitro model studies include reverse genetics systems, twodimensional 2d cell models, such as primary cells and cell lines, and ex vivo threedimensional 3d. Confirmation of zika virus infection through hospital.
Parp12 suppresses zika virus infection through parp. Zika virus was originally identified in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda in 1947. The virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and is transmitted to humans by aedes species mosquitoes. Pathogenicity and physical properties contact dho for pdf other. Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 50, no. Zika virus zikv, an emergent flaviviral pathogen, has been linked to microcephaly in neonates. Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from the blood of a sentinel rhesus monkey stationed in the zika forest of uganda, and in the following year it was again recovered from wild aedes. The trial was to be conducted in the united states and enroll healthy volunteers who would not otherwise be exposed to zika virus.
Zika virus infections in humans 19542007, confirmed by virus. Assessing the global threat from zika virus science. Zika virus infection gives symptoms that are usually mild and last for few days and. The virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly in humans.
Zika virus outbreaks are currently occurring in many countries. Many questions remain about congenital zika virus infection and its maternal transmission, pathogenesis, clinical events, and the resulting neurological damage. Zika fever is a mosquitoborne illness caused by a flavivirus. The zika virus, a flavivirus related to dengue and japanese encephalitis was discovered in the zika forest in uganda, 1947. Modeling the transmission and control of zika in brazil nature. Zika virus can be transmitted through mosquitoes such as aedes aegypti and ae. Experimental zika virus inoculation in a new world monkey. Bearcroft west african council for medical research laboratories, lagos, nigeria. Pdf a susceptible mouse model for zika virus infection. It is classified as a new denguelike viral infection.
Recently, zikv outbreak has caused a public health crisis in brazil after being linked to a sharp increase in birth defects. Based on clinical criteria alone, zikv cannot be reliably distinguished from infections with other pathogens that cause an undifferentiated systemic febrile illness, including infections with two common arboviruses, dengue virus and. Zika virus zikv is an aedes mosquitoborne flavivirus that emerged in brazil in 2015 and then rapidly spread throughout the tropical and subtropical americas. In humans, as many as 80% of zikv infections are believed to be asymptomatic duffy et al. The emergence and rapid spread of zika virus zikv in the americas has prompted the development of in vitro and in vivo models to understand several aspects of zikv biology and boost the development of vaccines and antivirals. Despite several zikv reports since 1947 when it was first isolated at zika forest in uganda, molecular evolution of zikv as. Genetic and serologic properties of zika virus associated. United states on 30 march, the new england journal of medicine published zika virus infection with prolonged maternal viremia and fetal brain abnormalities, which documents the destruction of a fetal brain by zika in detail. Maternal immunity and antibodies to dengue virus promote. In utero zika virus infection resulted in many newborns with congenital defects. The zika virus hct was proposed to learn more about the early stages of zika infection and efficiently test whether vaccines can protect against zika infection. An emerging mosquitoborne arbovirus named zika virus zikv, of the family flaviviridae and genus flavivirus, is becoming a global health threat. Experimental zika virus inoculation in a new world monkey model reproduces key features of the human infection skip to main content thank you for visiting. Furthermore, the first clinical description of a patient suffering from zika fever was reported in 1956, and was based on a zikv infection experimentally induced in a human volunteer 48.
A 34yearold european male inoculated subcutaneously with 265 mouse ld50 of zika virus eastern nigerian strain experienced headache, malaise and pyrexia from the 3rd to the 6th day after inoculation. The first clinical characterizations described zika virus infections as mild and selflimiting. In june 2007, an epidemic of fever and rash associated with zikv was detected in yap state. Type i interferon signaling drives the expression of hundreds of interferonstimulated genes isgs that are critical for host and cellular defense against viral infection. Virions are produced as spherical particles, 4060 nm in diameter. During the transition period of 20142015, an outbreak of dengue was reported in jambi city, during which several sufferers were screened positive for zika virus infection by the eijkman institute. Zika virus infections in humans 19542007, confirmed by.
Zikv is ssrna virus belongs to the family flaviviridae. Zika virus was isolated from his blood during the febrile period, but the titre did not exceed 1 mouse ld50 for 0. When could human challenge trials be deployed to combat. The first clinical characterizations described zika virus infections as mild and self limiting. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 48 2.
Virus identified as zika virus was recovered by inoculation of infant mice with undiluted serum. Zika virus zikv is a human pathogen that was first isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda dick, 1952. Mouse and nonhuman primate models now serve as useful platforms to study zika virus zikv pathogenesis, candidate therapies, and vaccines, but they rely on needle inoculation of virus. Distinguishing between zika and spondweni viruses world health. The first report of zika virus outside africa and asia was in 2007 when the virus was associated with a small outbreak in yap state, part of the federated states of. Cases of zika virus transmission via blood transfusion have also been reported. Zika virus infection is a new problematic emerging disease. Zika virus zikv is a mosquitoborne flavivirus first isolated in uganda from a sentinel monkey in 1947. Zikv infection was long neglected due to its sporadic nature and mild symptoms. It is mainly transmitted by mosquito bite specifically. This guidance is based on limited available data on persistence of zika virus rna in blood and semen 25.
After an experimentally induced zika virus infection in a human volunteer. Human dengue virus infection without mosquito vector has been reported to occur as a result of mucocutaneous transmission, needlestick in patient care and laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, organ transplant, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, and breastfeeding. Zika virus as an emerging global pathogen jama neurology abstract importance zika virus zikv is an emerging arthropodborne virus arbovirus in the genus flavivirus that has caused a widespread outbreak of febrile illness, is associated with neurological disease, and has spread across the pacific to the americas in a short period. Zika virus infection is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. Zika virus can also be spread from a pregnant mother to her child and through sexual contact with an affected partner. Zika virus is an emerging pathogen of substantial public health concern to human beings. Since zika virus was first reported in brazil in may 2015, infections have occurred in at least 40 countries, especially in the americas. A volunteer has been inoculated with the eastern nigerian strain of zika virus. Development of vaccines against zika virus the lancet.
Truncation and pharmacological inhibition of parp12 indicated that. Bearcroft, zika virus infection experimentally induced in a. Zika virus infection experimentally induced in a human. While zika virus has a wide geo graphic distribution,9 spondweni virus has only been reported from subsaha ran africa. There are many new problematic emerging infections. New emerging infection is the big topic in medicine in the present. Although the risk is greatest during the first trimester of pregnancy in humans, timing alone cannot explain why maternal zikv infection leads to severe microcephaly in some fetuses, but not others. Human infections with zika virus zikv could cause fever, malaise and cutaneous rash. Zika virus zikv infection is a new emerging threat around the globe which might be responsible for microcephaly and guillainbarre syndrome in the infants. Molecular evolution of zika virus during its emergence in. As a new emerging disease, the knowledge on this vial disease is limited.